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1
Introducing Transact-SQL
and Data Management
Systems
Welcome to the world of Transact-Structured Query Language programming. Transact-SQL, or
T-SQL, is Microsoft Corporation’s implementation of the Structured Query Language, which
was designed to retrieve, manipulate, and add data to Relational Database Management Systems
(RDBMS). Hopefully, you already have a basic idea of what SQL is used for because you pur-
chased this book, but you may not have a good understanding of the concepts behind relational
databases and the purpose of SQL. This first chapter introduces you to some of the fundamentals
of the design and architecture of relational databases and presents a brief description of SQL as
a language. If you are brand new to SQL and database technologies, this chapter will provide a
foundation to help ensure the rest of the book is as effective as possible. If you are already comfort-
able with the concepts of relational databases and Microsoft’s implementation, specifically, you
may want to skip on ahead to Chapter 2, “SQL Server Fundamentals,” or Chapter 3, “Tools for
Accessing SQL Server.” Both of these chapters introduce some of the features and tools in SQL
Server 2000 as well as the new features and tools coming with SQL Server 2005.
Another great, more in-depth source for SQL 2000 and SQL 2005 programming from the appli-
cation developers perspective are the Wrox Press books authored by Rob Viera: Professional
SQL Server 2000 Programming, Beginning SQL Server 2005 Programming, and
Professional SQL Server 2005 Programming. Throughout the chapters ahead, I will refer back
to both the basic concepts introduced in this chapter and to areas in the books mentioned here for
further clarification in the use or nature of the Transact-SQL language.
Transact-Structured Query Language
T-SQL is Microsoft’s implementation of a standard established by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) for the Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL was first developed by
researchers at IBM. They called their first pre-release version of SQL “SEQUEL,” which stood for
Structured English QUEry Language. The first release version was renamed to SQL, dropping the
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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
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Summary of Contents

Page 1 - COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

1Introducing Transact-SQLand Data ManagementSystemsWelcome to the world of Transact-Structured Query Language programming. Transact-SQL, or T-SQL, is

Page 2

Data Type Storage DescriptionDateTime 8 bytes Datetime is used to store dates from January 1,1753 through December 31, 9999 (which couldcause a huge

Page 3 - What’s New in SQL Server 2005

Data Type Storage DescriptionnChar 2 bytes per character. The nchar data type is a fixed-length type identical Maximum 4000 to the char data type wi

Page 4

Data Type Storage DescriptionTimeStamp 8 bytes The timestamp data type has nothing to do withtime. It is more accurately described as a row ver-sion d

Page 5 - Management System

in how the data is treated. The classic text, ntext, and image data types are Large Object (LOB) data typesand can’t typically be used with parameters

Page 6

Figure 1-7Because the same employee could sell products to many customers, the relationship between theEmployee table and the Sale table is called a o

Page 7

❑ One-to-exactly-one❑ Many-to-manyThe many-to-many relationship requires three tables because a many-to-many constraint would beunenforceable. An exam

Page 8

RDBMS and Data IntegrityThe RDBMS is designed to maintain data integrity in a transactional environment. This is accomplishedthrough several mechanism

Page 9

SQL Server utilizes six lock types, or more accurately, six resource lock modes:❑ Shared❑ Update❑ Exclusive❑ Intent❑ Schema❑ Bulk UpdateShared, Update

Page 10 - Chapter 1

Exclusive LocksSQL Server typically issues Exclusive locks when a modification is executed. To change the value of afield in a row SQL Server grants e

Page 11

with Windows NT. It took a couple of years before SQL Server really became a viable product. The SQLServer team went to work to create a brand new dat

Page 12

English part but retaining the pronunciation to identify it with its predecessor. Today, several implemen-tations of SQL by different stakeholders are

Page 13 - Relationships

IBM to the top spot over Oracle as they brought existing Informix customers with them. Today, Informixruns on Linux and integrates with other IBM prod

Page 14

SummaryMicrosoft SQL Server 2000 remains a very capable and powerful database management server, but I ammore than just a little excited about the upc

Page 15

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Page 16 - RDBMS and Data Integrity

are inefficient as far as memory and CPU consumption are concerned. They do this because it is the easi-est and quickest way to finish the code. I agr

Page 17 - Update Locks

especially custom extended stored procedures, which are almost always implemented through unmanaged code, have typically been the source of a majority

Page 18 - SQL Server and Other Products

the ability to store objects was becoming more important. They incorporated mechanisms to beable to store classes and objects in the relational model.

Page 19 - Informix

Figure 1-2Primary KeysTo efficiently manage the data in your table you need to be able to uniquely identify each individual rowin the table. It is muc

Page 20 - Sybase SQLAnywhere

With the EmployeeKey column, you have an efficient, easy-to-manage primary key.Each table can have only one primary key, which means that this key col

Page 21

Column NamesKeep the names simple and intuitive. For more information see Chapter 11.Data TypesThe general rule on data types is to use the smallest o

Page 22

Data Type Storage DescriptionDecimal 5 – 17 bytes A predefined, fixed, signed decimal number ranging from -100000000000000000000000000000000000001(-10

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