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Chapter 1

Windows Server 2008 Architecture

Any server operating system version upgrade involves changes to nearly every subsystem, and

Windows Server 2008 is no exception. There have been kernel changes to allow for better processor

virtualization, driver model changes to make drivers more stable and secure, a completely new

TCP/IP protocol stack for better performance, a new graphics engine, and very significant changes

to the Windows Class Libraries that give access to the Windows .NET Framework and Network

Class Library. To a user learning Windows Server 2008, these changes underpin all of the new pro-

cedures that differentiate Windows Server 2008 and Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1) from the previous

versions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP. So in order to provide a framework for our dis-

cussions in future chapters, this first chapter explains the Windows Server 2008 architectural model,

along with the changes that they portend.

There have been enormous changes in the Windows Server architecture for this release of

Microsoft’s flagship product. As Microsoft’s desktop OS and Microsoft Office slow down in reve-

nue growth, Windows Server has become particularly important to Microsoft’s fortunes. Microsoft

Windows Server 2008 continues Microsoft’s push to integrate web-based services into its server

product. There are now strong links to the .NET Framework, both programmatically as well as in

the look and feel of applications that will take advantage of the architecture that is described in this

chapter. While Microsoft emphasizes the new modules that affect what the user can see, there are

plenty of architecture changes to basic systems such as the kernel, memory, services, and many

more. In this chapter, you will read about the most significant architectural goals of this release and

how you can get even more value out of your investment in Windows Server.

Understanding the System’s Roots

Writing an operating system for a new computer system has always been something of a heroic

effort. In 1981 Tracy Kidder won a Pulitzer Prize and an American Book Award for his book

The Soul of a New Machine

, in which he describes the creation of the 32-bit Eclipse MV/8000 mini-

computer at Data General. The company Data General was competing with at the time was Digital

Equipment Corporation (DEC), their computers were the PDP-11 series, and that operating system

was VAX (short for Virtual Address Extension).

The early history of Windows NT as documented in G. Pascal Zachary’s

Showstopper! The Race

to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft

(1994) was similarly chaotic. NT started as

a co-development project between IBM and Microsoft; it was to be version 3.0 of OS/2, both com-

panies having worked on versions 1 and 2. Windows 3.0’s success led Microsoft to develop OS/2

API into an extended Windows API, at which point the joint project fell apart. IBM would go on to

release OS/2 3.0 as their “Warp” version, which although something of a success in the business

world never caught on with the general public. Microsoft chose another direction.

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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

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Summary of Contents

Page 1 - COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

Chapter 1 Windows Server 2008 Architecture Any server operating system version upgrade involves changes to nearly every subsystem, and Windows Server

Page 2 - System Overview

10CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE Figure 1.5 An operating system’s kernel isolates hard-ware from software. In Figure 1.6, the kernel st

Page 3 - Windows 2000/NT Architecture

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 11 ◆ A new service model; a new type of service called Delayed Auto-Start decreases your server’s apparent boot time by waiting until

Page 4 - Figure 1.2

12CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE memory as a dynamic pool. The Memory Manager in Windows Server 2008 was rewritten to allow better hand

Page 5 - Figure 1.3

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 13 Windows Server 2008 SP1 and the 64-Bit Architecture Microsoft has said on several occasions that Windows Server 2008 is the last v

Page 6

14CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE that would mean any or all of the following: different versions of Windows or DOS, Linux, NetWare, Sol

Page 7 - The Child of .NET

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 15 the market leader. Both VMware and Virtual PC are Type 2 virtual machines. Figure 1.8 shows a Type 2 hypervisor. Figure 1.8 Type 2

Page 8 - Figure 1.4

16CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE Figure 1.9 Windows Server 2008’s virtualization architecture Hardware vendors have also incorporated v

Page 9 - Kernel Modifications

SUMMARY 17 Summary In this chapter, you saw how Windows Server 2008 has advanced architecturally. Higher user-level services, presentation, and graph

Page 10 - Figure 1.6

74593.book Page 18 Wednesday, January 9, 2008 4:11 PM

Page 11 - Memory Support

2CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE When DEC canceled the PRISM project in 1988, Microsoft was able to hire away many of the team members w

Page 12 - The New Boot Environment

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 3 ◆ Press Windows+R to open the Run dialog box, then enter TASKMGR and press Enter. ◆ Press Ctrl+Alt+Del and select Start Task Mana

Page 13 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

4CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE Figure 1.2 The heritage of the Windows operating system architecture is evident in this diagram of Wind

Page 14 - Figure 1.7

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 5 of “Managers,” examples of which are the I/O Manager, Memory Manager, Cache Manager, Object Manager, and so forth.In Windows 2000 (

Page 15 - Figure 1.8

6CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE Nearly all of the user mode modules were to be replaced in the new operating system. Among the changes

Page 16 - Figure 1.9

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 7 archical file structure found in FAT and NTFS to an object-oriented relational database structure, where data is interwoven by tags

Page 17

8CHAPTER 1 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 ARCHITECTURE system (for good and ill, mostly ill), while NT provided the necessary wide area network (WAN) protocol

Page 18

SYSTEM OVERVIEW 9 WWF manages objects in the .NET namespace, has a workflow engine, and supports program code created by Visual Studio 2005. The Micr

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